Languages like Korean employ evidentiality markers such as Inference -kyess-, Sensory -ney/-te-, Reportative -ay, and Quotative -ko. These evidentiality markers receive interpretations outside the scope of negation and certain adverbs are associated with a particular evidential marker. In addition, certain evidentiality markers co-occur while other evidential markers exhibit a co-occurrence restriction. In order account for these facts, the current paper proposes a slightly complicated but fine structure of C area with evidentiality markers. Each evidentiality marker occurs on the relevant functional head in the C domain. By positing this fine structure of CP, the facts that evidentiality is out of the scope of negation and the choice of certain adverbs as well as the selectional restrictions between the functional heads can be accounted for.

Recently tourism is regarded as one of the most important industries for national and local governments. Thus, many local governments as well as the national government have tried to attract foreign tourists to their provinces, cities, etc. One of these efforts is to introduce their tourist attractions in English Web sites, English guidebooks, or English brochures. Also, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism(MCST) revised and proclaimed 'Foreign Language Translation Guideline for Public Sector Translation', MCST instruction no. 427 as a government-level regulation aimed toward better public-sector translation such as tourist attractions on July 15, 2020. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the problems of English guidebook and to suggest an alternative for local government's tourism industry according to the MCST instruction no. 427. To do these, this paper is i) to introduce the current government guideline for tourist attractions, the MCST instruction no. 427, ii) to investigate the problems of English tourist guidebook published by Jeonju City according to the MCST instruction no. 427, and iii) to suggest ways of resolving these problems. This paper will help to enhance the national or local government image at the tourism industry on the international competitiveness.

The purpose of this explorative study was to find out the characteristics of reading passages in North Korea's current middle school English textbooks. To this end, two analyzing criteria were postulated: structural organization and content. The overall findings are as follows: First, each unit was composed of various pair/ group work activities, which may help learners to build communicative competence. Second, four linguistic skills were integratively presented in the textbooks. Third, reading passages dealt with topics related to students' daily and school lives, nature, science, and foreign culture. Interestingly, topics such as promoting communist ideology or idolizing Kim Jong-un had significantly less weight than previous textbooks. Fourth, there were statistically significant differences in the readability of textbooks by grade. Overall, North Korean English textbooks have improved in form and content. This shows that North Korea, which has only emphasized internal solidarity while being cut off from the outside world, is pursuing English education in line with the global trend.

This paper argues that topicalization in Chinese is generally island-sensitive. However, Zhang (2002) notes that the complex NP composed of a relative clause (RC) can be transparent for movement like topicalization when the immediately higher clause outside it contains a stable-state denoting predicate, but it cannot be otherwise. To account for the island obviation of Chinese topicalization with such a predicate, we adopt Han and Kim's (2004) analysis of double relatives in Korean, where the double subject construction occurs with the first major subject nominal relativized from the RC that modifies the second grammatical subject nominal. In fact, we show that in a parallel fashion, topicalization in Chinese does not invite as island violation with a stable-state denoting predicate because the predicate allows double subjects. More specifically, topicalization proceeds licitly from the edge of the RC to the immediately adjacent outer Spec of TP granted by a stable-state denting predicate. To the extent that the present analysis of the island obviation in question is successful, this paper strengthens the movement thesis for topicalization in Chinese.

Based on Bachman and Palmer's (1996) Framework of Task Characteristics and Li's (1996) Test Point Validity Theory, this paper aims to analyze the test point quality and content validity of grammar gap-filling tests of the 2014-2019 National Matriculation English Test paper II (NMET II), in particular, concerning the content validity of tests in terms of the characteristics of input and expected responses, and test point validity. The results show that the grammar gap-filling tests in the NMET II are all in line with the language knowledge part required in the New Curriculum Standard and the Testing Syllabus and have a relatively high content validity. The test points are evenly distributed and reasonably designed, which can test students' grammar ability under the guidance of discourse with well designed length and reasonable test point validity. However, there are still some problems to be improved, such as the lack of 'man and nature' and practical essay writing in terms of topic and genre. The readability fluctuated greatly. The expected response type is restricted to limited production. Furthermore, test points designed with discourse level and meaning factor are less examined, and lacking of test points used to measure a higher grammatical ability.