Although China and South Korea differ in many aspects, their gap is quite striking in dealing with the North Korean human rights. While South Korea accepts human rights to be a universally accepted right of individuals, China prioritizes the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention over human rights. To China, the human rights situation inside North Korea is a domestic issue, and international community's announcement of North Korean human rights violations is interference in its domestic politics. China's position presents how China seeks to achieve its goal on the Korean Peninsula. China and South Korea seek to achieve different strategic interests through their approaches to human rights. These differences make policy-level coordination difficult and a common strategic approach almost impossible.

The Republic of Korea's potential role is explored in the peacebuilding process on the Korean Peninsula with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea's earnest efforts to denuclearize and become a normal country. The paper focuses on the UN agencies in the peacebuilding process considering the UN's engagement in the DPRK during the sanction years with humanitarian assistance, the UN's legitimacy as an impartial international organization for assisting developing countries in forging peace and prosperity, and recently-adopted resolutions on sustaining peace and the Sustainable Development Goals. Policy recommendations are for the ROK to actively cooperate with the UN's development and humanitarian agencies, conduct thorough preliminary and preparatory, and work towards expanding its engagement and role within key UN agencies.

Since 1959, child mass mobilization (such as planting trees, participation in farming) has been carried out regularly in North Korea. The international community recommends that North Korea's child mass mobilization is should be abolished. Because it is a child exploitation and forced labor. However, North Korea argues that it is not the child exploitation but an educational method for its educational goals. North Korea also emphasizes that its domestic law prohibits the child labor. In this article, I would like to analyze what the North Korean child mass mobilization means. The first step is to understand the actual situation of child mass mobilization in North Korean schools through North Korean materials and interviews with North Korean defectors. The next step is to find out its meaning according to the definition of the ILO and North Korea authority's child labor.